| Sg. | Dual. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| - | -=k* | -it |
*= → doubling proceeded vowel
Soft Declension (-V, -t)
| Case | Affix |
|---|---|
| Dir. | - |
| Gen. | -n |
| Dat. | -mṙt |
| Loc. | -sa |
| Abl. | -ta |
| Pro.(Inst.) | -kuv |
| Equ. | -tun |
Hard declension(-k, -r, -n)
-k nouns
| Case | Affix |
|---|---|
| Dir. | - |
| Gen. | -#-ṙ |
| Dat. | -ṙ-t |
| Loc. | -#-ša |
| Abl. | -#-ta |
| Pro.(Inst.) | -#-gruv |
| Equ. | -#-tun |
-r nouns
| Case | Affix |
|---|---|
| Dir. | - |
| Gen. | -#-ṙ |
| Dat. | -ṙ-t |
| Loc. | -#-ša |
| Abl. | -ṙ-ta |
| Pro.(Inst.) | -ruv |
| Equ. | -ṙ-tun |
-n nouns
| Case | Affix |
|---|---|
| Dir. | - |
| Gen. | -n |
| Dat. | -m-mṙt |
| Loc. | -ža |
| Abl. | -nta |
| Pro.(Inst.) | -nuv |
| Equ. | -ntun |
Dual & plural
| Dual | Pl. |
|---|---|
| -=k → -=n | -it → -iti |
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
|---|---|---|
| vi | illi | tṙana |
| Distance | Pronoun |
|---|---|
| This (very close) | ṙna |
| This | mana |
| That | tamana |
| That (very far) | taika |
| It | tṙana |
by possesor, -#- for hard declension
| Affix | |
|---|---|
| 1st sg. | -ga |
| 1st pl. | -ka |
| 2nd | -si |
| 3rd | -nža |
Agreement with subject
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sg. | -na | -ti | -aa* |
| pl. | -ma | -či | -va |
*-a proceeding after long vowel, samely applied in hard declension
Hard declension
-k / -r verbs
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sg. | -#-ṙa | -ṙ-ti | -aa |
| pl. | -ma | -či | -va |
-n verbs
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sg. | -na | -nti | -aa |
| pl. | -m-ma | -či | -nva |
Agreement with object
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sg. | -jann- | -jagi- | -jara- |
| pl. | -jati- | -jassi- | -jaka- |
Hard declension
-k/-r verbs
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sg. | -g-rann- | -g-ragi- | -g-rara- |
| pl. | -g-rati- | -g-rassi- | -g-raka- |
-n verbs
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sg. | -ntann- | -ntagi- | -ntara- |
| pl. | -ntati- | -ntassi- | -ntaka- |
-#- for hard declension
| Tense | Affix |
|---|---|
| Past | -lar- |
| Past (a moment ago) | -ratṙar- |
| Present | - |
| Future (soon) | -lanna- |
| Future | -ne- |
| Future (someday) | -lṙak- |
| Imperfect | Perfect |
|---|---|
| - | -sema-* |
*-#- for hard declension & -šema- for -k/-r verbs
| Voice | |
|---|---|
| Active | S(dir.) + O(dir.) + V(dbl. ending) |
| Antipassive | S(dir.) + O(pro.) + V(sg. ending) |
| Reflexive | S(dir.) + V(sg. ending) |
| Mood | Affix |
|---|---|
| Indicative | - |
| Interrogative | -#-ku- |
| Imperative | -ki / -nak(neg.) / -kuvn(3rd) |
| Optative | -#-lla |
| Conditional | -esi- |
| Causative | -ga- / -#-ra-(k,r) / -na-(n) |
| Dubitative | -la- |
| Contemporative | -lu- |
| Participal | -gi- / -#-ri-(k,r) / -ni-(n) |
*negative → -#-je-
| Infinitive | Supine |
|---|---|
| -a | -#-vat |
Directive
Dir. supine + kagra → destiny / possiblity
Dir. supine + takagra → obligation
Locative
Loc. supine + ua → in progress
Loc. supine + in + ua → begining
Ablative
Abl. supine + ua → prohibition
Attributive → Noun declension
Predicative → Verb declension
| -(vowel) | -k / -r | -t / -n |
|---|---|---|
| -# + affix | -r + affix | -n + affix |
| Affix | Modifier word |
|---|---|
| -nišar (+ua) | ameči |
| Affix | Modifier word |
|---|---|
| -lṙar (+ua) | selleči |
| Adverb | Comperative | Superative |
|---|---|---|
| (declension form)-či | ameči + adv. | selleči + adv. |